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For more information, please call the Hofstra Cultural Center at or visit hofstra. Wednesday, October 16, a. Trethewey was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in The theme for is Creating Wellness, focusing on improving health care and inspiring solutions that address healthcare inequity in underserved communities. The challenge connects participating businesses with these communities to test and develop their products. Wizdom Powell, PhD, director of the Health Disparities Institute at UConn Health, will give the keynote address, titled "Breath, eyes, memory: Optimizing emotional well-being among boys and men of color.
Walking Tours Saturday, September 21, 10 a. Based on specific burials, each monologue gives one of them voice and honors those African descendants — enslaved and free — who were buried without their names. In conjunction with the Peter S. Basil Smikle Jr. He was also senior aide to Hillary Rodham Clinton during her first campaign for Senate and later on her Senate staff. In collaboration with the Department of Writing Studies and Rhetoric. He is a social psychologist whose research examines the intuitive foundations of morality.
His New York Times bestseller The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion offers an account of the origins of the human moral sense, and shows how variations in moral intuitions can help explain the polarization and dysfunction of American politics. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and byProspect magazine.
He then looks ahead to the future of a post-Trump Republican Party. He is the Jeane J. The Donald J. Sutherland Lecture is named for the former Hofstra trustee who endowed the annual event. Coates has emerged as an essential voice for our times.
In addition, Coates recently signed with Marvel to create a new series based on the Captain America. William J. Barber II Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Police intent on immediate justice for the victim coerced five African-American and Latino boys to plead guilty. The teenage boys were quickly convicted and imprisoned. Natalie P. Byfield, who covered the case for the New York Daily News, now revisits the story of the Central Park Five from her perspective as a black female reporter in the book Savage Portrayals.
Tuesday, October 9, p. When cotton was king during the s, Mississippi plantation owners—especially those of the Delta and Black Belt central regions—became wealthy due to the high fertility of the soil, the high price of cotton on the international market, and free labor gained through their holding enslaved African Americans.
They used some of their profits to buy more cotton land and more slaves. The planters' dependence on hundreds of thousands of slaves for labor and the severe wealth imbalances among whites, played strong roles both in state politics and in planters' support for secession.
Mississippi was a slave society, with the economy dependent on slavery. The state was thinly settled, with population concentrated in the riverfront areas and towns. Fewer than were free people of color. Ninety percent of the Delta bottomlands were still frontier and undeveloped. The land further away from the rivers was cleared by freedmen and white migrants during Reconstruction and later.
Shows assault by US 1st Battalion, 13th Infantry The legislature of the state of Mississippi in On January 9, , Mississippi became the second state to declare its secession from the Union , and it was one of the founding members of the Confederate States. The first six states to secede were those with the highest number of slaves. During the war, Union and Confederate forces struggled for dominance on the Mississippi River, critical to supply routes and commerce. Around 17, black and white Mississippians would serve in the Union Army.
Pockets of Unionism in Mississippi were in places such as the northeastern corner of the state and Jones County , where Newton Knight , formed a revolt with Unionist leanings, known as the "Free State of Jones. Grant 's long siege of Vicksburg finally gained the Union control of the river in In the postwar period, freedmen withdrew from white-run churches to set up independent congregations. The majority of blacks left the Southern Baptist Church, sharply reducing its membership. They created independent black Baptist congregations.
By they had established numerous black Baptist state associations and the National Baptist Convention of black churches. They quickly attracted hundreds of thousands of converts and founded new churches across the South. Southern congregations brought their own influences to those denominations as well. Some among the black delegates were freedmen , but others were educated free blacks who had migrated from the North.
The convention adopted universal suffrage; did away with property qualifications for suffrage or for office, a change that also benefited both blacks and poor whites; provided for the state's first public school system; forbade race distinctions in the possession and inheritance of property; and prohibited limiting civil rights in travel. Because the Mississippi Delta contained so much fertile bottomland that had not been developed before the Civil War, 90 percent of the land was still frontier.
After the Civil War, tens of thousands of migrants were attracted to the area by higher wages offered by planters trying to develop land. In addition, black and white workers could earn money by clearing the land and selling timber, and eventually advance to ownership.
The new farmers included many freedmen, who by the late 19th century achieved unusually high rates of land ownership in the Mississippi bottomlands. In the s and s, many black farmers succeeded in gaining land ownership. Cotton prices fell throughout the decades following the Civil War. As another agricultural depression lowered cotton prices into the s, numerous African-American farmers finally had to sell their land to pay off debts, thus losing the land which they had developed by hard, personal labor.
Democratic whites were well armed and formed paramilitary organizations such as the Red Shirts to suppress black voting. From to the elections of , they pressured whites to join the Democrats, and conducted violence against blacks in at least 15 known "riots" in cities around the state to intimidate blacks.
They killed a total of blacks, although other estimates place the death toll at twice as many. A total of three white Republicans and five white Democrats were reported killed. In rural areas, deaths of blacks could be covered up. Riots better described as massacres of blacks took place in Vicksburg, Clinton, Macon, and in their counties, as well-armed whites broke up black meetings and lynched known black leaders, destroying local political organizations.
In by a national compromise, the last of federal troops were withdrawn from the region. Even in this environment, black Mississippians continued to be elected to local office. However, black residents were deprived of all political power after white legislators passed a new state constitution in specifically to "eliminate the nigger from politics", according to the state's Democratic governor, James K. Estimates are that , black and 50, white men were removed from voter registration rolls in the state over the next few years.
Together with imposition of Jim Crow and racial segregation laws, whites increased violence against blacks, lynching mostly men, through the period of the s and extending to Cotton crops failed due to boll weevil infestation and successive severe flooding in and , creating crisis conditions for many African Americans.
With control of the ballot box and more access to credit, white planters bought out such farmers, expanding their ownership of Delta bottomlands. They also took advantage of new railroads sponsored by the state. By , a majority of black farmers in the Delta had lost their land and become sharecroppers.
By , the third generation after freedom, most African Americans in Mississippi were landless laborers again facing poverty. They sought jobs, better education for their children, the right to vote, relative freedom from discrimination, and better living. In the migration of —, they left a society that had been steadily closing off opportunity.
Most migrants from Mississippi took trains directly north to Chicago and often settled near former neighbors. Blacks also faced violence in the form of lynching, shooting, and the burning of churches. In , the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People stated "the Negro feels that life is not safe in Mississippi and his life may be taken with impunity at any time upon the slightest pretext or provocation by a white man".
The lack of jobs also drove some southern whites north to cities such as Chicago and Detroit, seeking employment, where they also competed with European immigrants. The state depended on agriculture, but mechanization put many farm laborers out of work.
By , many white ministers, especially in the towns, subscribed to the Social Gospel movement, which attempted to apply Christian ethics to social and economic needs of the day. Many strongly supported Prohibition , believing it would help alleviate and prevent many sins. The Second Great Migration from the South started in the s, lasting until Almost half a million people left Mississippi in the second migration, three-quarters of them black.
Nationwide during the first half of the 20th century, African Americans became rapidly urbanized and many worked in industrial jobs. The Second Great Migration included destinations in the West , especially California , where the buildup of the defense industry offered higher-paying jobs to both African Americans and whites.
Blacks and whites in Mississippi generated rich, quintessentially American music traditions: gospel music , country music , jazz , blues and rock and roll. All were invented, promulgated or heavily developed by Mississippi musicians, many of them African American, and most came from the Mississippi Delta.
Many musicians carried their music north to Chicago, where they made it the heart of that city's jazz and blues. So many African Americans left in the Great Migration that after the s, they became a minority in Mississippi. Court challenges were not successful until later in the century. After World War II, African-American veterans returned with renewed commitment to be treated as full citizens of the United States and increasingly organized to gain enforcement of their constitutional rights. The Civil Rights Movement had many roots in religion, and the strong community of churches helped supply volunteers and moral purpose for their activism.
Mississippi was a center of activity, based in black churches, to educate and register black voters, and to work for integration. In the state had created the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission , a tax-supported agency, chaired by the Governor, that claimed to work for the state's image but effectively spied on activists and passed information to the local White Citizens' Councils to suppress black activism.
White Citizens Councils had been formed in many cities and towns to resist integration of schools following the unanimous United States Supreme Court ruling Brown v. Board of Education that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. They used intimidation and economic blackmail against activists and suspected activists, including teachers and other professionals.
Techniques included loss of jobs and eviction from rental housing. In the summer of students and community organizers from across the country came to help register black voters in Mississippi and establish Freedom Schools.
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